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+++ man/man1/9term.1
+.TH 9TERM 1
+.SH NAME
+9term, label \- terminal windows
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B 9term
+[
+.B -as
+]
+[
+.B -f
+.I font
+]
+[
+.I cmd
+...
+]
+.PP
+.B label
+.I name
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I 9term
+is a terminal window program for the X Window System,
+providing an interface similar to that used on Plan 9.
+.SS Commands
+The
+.I 9term
+command starts a new window.
+.PP
+The
+.B -a
+flag causes button 2 to send the selection immediately, like acme.
+Otherwise button 2 brings up a menu, described below.
+.PP
+The
+.B -s
+option initializes windows so that text scrolls;
+the default is not to scroll.
+.PP
+The
+.I font
+argument to
+.B -f
+names a font used to display text, both in
+.IR 9term 's
+menus
+and as a default for any programs running in its windows; it also
+establishes the
+environment variable
+.BR $font .
+If
+.B -f
+is not given,
+.I 9term
+uses the imported value of
+.B $font
+if set; otherwise it uses the graphics system default.
+.PP
+.I 9term
+runs the given command in the window, or
+.B $SHELL
+if no command is given.
+.PP
+The
+.I label
+command changes a window's identifying name by
+echoing a special control code that both
+.I 9term
+and
+.IR xterm (1)
+understand.
+.SS Text windows
+Characters typed on the keyboard
+collect in the window to form
+a long, continuous document.
+.PP
+There is always some
+.I selected
+.IR text ,
+a contiguous string marked on the screen by reversing its color.
+If the selected text is a null string, it is indicated by a hairline cursor
+between two characters.
+The selected text
+may be edited by mousing and typing.
+Text is selected by pointing and clicking button 1
+to make a null-string selection, or by pointing,
+then sweeping with button 1 pressed.
+Text may also be selected by double-clicking:
+just inside a matched delimiter-pair
+with one of
+.B {[(<`'"
+on the left and
+.B }])>`'"
+on the right, it selects all text within
+the pair; at the beginning
+or end of a line, it selects the line; within or at the edge of an alphanumeric word,
+it selects the word.
+.PP
+Characters typed on the keyboard replace the selected text;
+if this text is not empty, it is placed in a
+.I snarf buffer
+common to all windows but distinct from that of
+.IR sam (1).
+.PP
+Programs access the text in the window at a single point
+maintained automatically by
+.IR 9term .
+The
+.I output point
+is the location in the text where the next character written by
+a program to the terminal
+will appear; afterwards, the output point is the null string
+beyond the new character.
+The output point is also the location in the text of the next character
+that will be read (directly from the text in the window,
+not from an intervening buffer)
+by a program.
+Since Unix does not make it possible to know when a program
+is reading the terminal, lines are sent as they are completed
+(when the user types a newline character).
+.PP
+In general there is text in the window after the output point,
+usually placed there by typing but occasionally by the editing
+operations described below.
+A pending read of the terminal
+will block until the text after the output point contains
+a newline, whereupon the read may
+acquire the text, up to and including the newline.
+After the read, as described above, the output point will be at
+the beginning of the next line of text.
+In normal circumstances, therefore, typed text is delivered
+to programs a line at a time.
+Changes made by typing or editing before the text is read will not
+be seen by the program reading it.
+Because of the Unix issues mentioned above, a line of text is only editable
+until it is completed with a newline character, or when hold mode
+(see below) is enabled.
+.PP
+Even when there are newlines in the output text,
+.I 9term
+will not honor reads if the window is in
+.I hold
+.IR mode ,
+which is indicated by a white cursor and blue text and border.
+The ESC character toggles hold mode.
+Some programs
+automatically turn on hold mode to simplify the editing of multi-line text;
+type ESC when done to allow
+.I mail
+to read the text.
+.PP
+An EOT character (control-D) behaves exactly like newline except
+that it is not delivered to a program when read.
+Thus on an empty line an EOT serves to deliver an end-of-file indication:
+the read will return zero characters.
+Like newlines, unread EOTs may be successfully edited out of the text.
+The BS character (control-H) erases the character before the selected text.
+The ETB character (control-W) erases any nonalphanumeric characters, then
+the alphanumeric word just before the selected text.
+`Alphanumeric' here means non-blanks and non-punctuation.
+The NAK character (control-U) erases the text after the output point,
+and not yet read by a program, but not more than one line.
+All these characters are typed on the keyboard and hence replace
+the selected text; for example, typing a BS with a word selected
+places the word in the snarf buffer, removes it from the screen,
+and erases the character before the word.
+.PP
+An ACK character (control-F) or Insert character triggers file name completion
+for the preceding string (see
+.IR complete (3)).
+.PP
+Text may be moved vertically within the window.
+A scroll bar on the left of the window shows in its clear portion what fragment of the
+total output text is visible on the screen, and in its gray part what
+is above or below view;
+it measures characters, not lines.
+Mousing inside the scroll bar moves text:
+clicking button 1 with the mouse pointing inside the scroll bar
+brings the line at the top of the
+window to the cursor's vertical location;
+button 3 takes the line at the cursor to the top of the window;
+button 2, treating the scroll bar as a ruler, jumps to the indicated portion
+of the stored text.
+Holding a button pressed in the scroll bar will cause the text
+to scroll continuously until the button is released.
+.PP
+Typing down-arrow scrolls forward
+one third of a window, and up-arrow scrolls back.
+Typing page-down scrolls forward
+two thirds of a window, and page-up scrolls back.
+Typing Home scrolls to the top of the window;
+typing End scrolls to the end.
+.PP
+The DEL character sends an
+.L interrupt
+note to all processes in the window's process group.
+Unlike the other characters, the DEL and arrow
+keys do not affect the selected text.
+The left (right) arrow key moves the selection to one character
+before (after) the current selection.
+.PP
+.I 9term
+relies on the kernel's terminal processing to handle
+EOT and DEL, so the terminal must be set up with EOT
+as the ``eof'' character and DEL as the ``intr'' character.
+.PP
+Normally, written output to a window blocks when
+the text reaches the end of the screen and the terminal
+buffer fills;
+a button 2 menu item toggles scrolling.
+.PP
+.I 9term
+changes behavior according to
+the terminal settings of the running programs.
+Most programs run with echo enabled.
+In this mode,
+.I 9term
+display and allows editing of the input.
+Some programs, typically those reading passwords,
+run with echo disabled.
+In this mode,
+.I 9term
+passes keystrokes through directly, without
+echoing them or buffering until a newline character.
+These heuristics work well in many cases, but there
+are a few common ones where they fall short.
+First, programs using the GNU readline library typically
+disable terminal echo and perform echoing themselves.
+The most common example is the shell
+.IR bash (1).
+Disabling the use of readline with
+.RB `` "set +o emacs" ''
+.RI [ sic ]
+usually restores the desired behavior.
+Second, remote terminal programs such as
+.IR ssh (1)
+typically run with echo disabled, relying on the
+remote system to echo characters as desired.
+Plan 9's
+.I ssh
+has a
+.B -C
+flag to disable this, leaving the terminal in ``cooked'' mode.
+For similar situations on Unix,
+.IR 9term 's
+button 2 menu has an entry to toggle the forced use of
+cooked mode, despite the terminal settings.
+In such cases, it is useful to run
+.RB `` "stty -echo" ''
+on the remote system to avoid seeing your input twice.
+.PP
+Editing operations are selected from a menu on button 2.
+The
+.B cut
+operation deletes the selected text
+from the screen and puts it in the snarf buffer;
+.B snarf
+copies the selected text to the buffer without deleting it;
+.B paste
+replaces the selected text with the contents of the buffer;
+and
+.B send
+copies the snarf buffer to just after the output point, adding a final newline
+if missing.
+.B Paste
+will sometimes and
+.B send
+will always place text after the output point; the text so placed
+will behave exactly as described above. Therefore when pasting
+text containing newlines after the output point, it may be prudent
+to turn on hold mode first.
+.PP
+The
+.B plumb
+menu item sends the contents of the selection (not the snarf buffer) to the
+.IR plumber (1).
+If the selection is empty, it sends the white-space-delimited text
+containing the selection (typing cursor).
+A typical use of this feature is to tell the editor to find the source of an error
+by plumbing the file and line information in a compiler's diagnostic.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /usr/local/plan9/src/cmd/9term
+.SH BUGS
+There should be a program to toggle the current window's hold mode.
+.PP
+Unix makes everything harder.
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--- /dev/null
+++ man/man1/rio.1
+.if t .ds 85 8\(12
+.if n .ds 85 8-1/2
+.TH RIO 1
+.SH NAME
+rio \- rio-like Window Manager for X
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B rio
+[
+.B \-grey
+] [
+.B \-version
+] [
+.B \-font
+.I fname
+] [
+.B \-term
+.I termprog
+] [
+.BR exit | restart
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.I Rio
+is a window manager for X which attempts to emulate the window management
+policies of Plan 9's
+.I rio
+window manager.
+.PP
+The
+.B \-grey
+option makes the background light grey, as does \*(85.
+Use this option for maximum authenticity.
+.B \-font
+.I fname
+sets the font in
+.IR rio 's
+menu to
+.IR fname ,
+overriding the default.
+.B \-term
+.I termprog
+specifies an alternative program to run when the
+.I New
+menu item is selected.
+.B \-version
+prints the current version on standard error, then exits.
+.PP
+To make
+.I rio
+exit, you have to run
+.B "rio exit"
+on the command line. There is no ``exit'' menu item.
+.PP
+One window is
+.IR current ,
+and is indicated with a dark border and text;
+characters typed on the keyboard are available in the
+.B /dev/cons
+file of the process in the current window.
+Characters written on
+.B /dev/cons
+appear asynchronously in the associated window whether or not the window
+is current.
+.PP
+Windows are created, deleted and rearranged using the mouse.
+Clicking (pressing and releasing) mouse button 1 in a non-current
+window makes that window current and brings it in front of
+any windows that happen to be overlapping it.
+When the mouse cursor points to the background area or is in
+a window that has not claimed the mouse for its own use,
+pressing mouse button 3 activates a
+menu of window operations provided by
+.IR rio .
+Releasing button 3 then selects an operation.
+At this point, a gunsight or cross cursor indicates that
+an operation is pending.
+The button 3 menu operations are:
+.TF Resize
+.TP
+.B New
+Create a window.
+Press button 3 where one corner of the new rectangle should
+appear (cross cursor), and move the mouse, while holding down button 3, to the
+diagonally opposite corner.
+Releasing button 3 creates the window, and makes it current.
+Very small windows may not be created.
+The new window is created running
+.IR termprog ,
+by default
+.IR 9term (1)
+or, if
+.I 9term
+is not available,
+.IR xterm (1).
+.TP
+.B Resize
+Change the size and location of a window.
+First click button 3 in the window to be changed
+(gunsight cursor).
+Then sweep out a window as for the
+.B New
+operation.
+The window is made current.
+.TP
+.B Move
+Move a window to another location.
+After pressing and holding button 3 over the window to be moved (gunsight cursor),
+indicate the new position by dragging the rectangle to the new location.
+The window is made current.
+Windows may be moved partially off-screen.
+.TP
+.B Delete
+Delete a window. Click in the window to be deleted (gunsight cursor).
+Deleting a window causes a
+.L hangup
+note to be sent to all processes in the window's process group
+(see
+.IR notify (3)).
+.TP
+.B Hide
+Hide a window. Click in the window to be hidden (gunsight cursor);
+it will be moved off-screen.
+Each hidden window is given a menu entry in the button 3 menu
+according to its current window system label.
+.TP
+.I label
+Restore a hidden window.
+.PD
+.PP
+Windows may also be arranged by dragging their borders.
+Pressing button 1 or 2 over a window's border allows one to
+move the corresponding edge or corner, while button 3
+moves the whole window.
+.PD
+.SH BUGS
+In
+Plan 9's
+.IR rio ,
+clicking button 2 or button 3 to select a window also sends that
+event to the window itself. This
+.I rio
+does not.
+.PP
+The command-line syntax is non-standard.
+.PP
+In Plan 9's
+.IR rio ,
+newly started applications take over the current window.
+This
+.I rio
+starts a new window for each program.
+(In X11, it appears to be impossible to know which window
+starts a particular program.)
+.PP
+There is a currently a compiled-in limit of 128 hidden windows.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR 9term (1),
+.IR xterm (1).
